BitM Up! Session Stealing in Seconds Using the Browser-in-the-Middle Technique

Written by: Truman Brown, Emily Astranova, Steven Karschnia, Jacob Paullus, Nick McClendon, Chris Higgins


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Executive Summary

  • The Rise of Browser in the Middle (BitM): BitM attacks offer a streamlined approach, allowing attackers to quickly compromise sessions across various web applications.
  • MFA Remains Crucial, But Not Invulnerable: Multi-factor authentication (MFA) is a vital security measure, yet sophisticated social engineering tactics now effectively bypass it by targeting session tokens.
  • Strong Defenses Are Imperative: To counter these threats, organizations must implement robust defenses, including hardware-based MFA, client certificates, and FIDO2.

Social Engineering and Multi-Factor Authentication

Social engineering campaigns pose a significant threat to organizations and businesses as they capitalize on human vulnerabilities by exploiting cognitive biases and weaknesses in security awareness. During a social engineering campaign, a red team operator typically targets a victim’s username and password. A common mitigation used to address these threats are security measures like multi-factor authentication (MFA). 

MFA is a security measure that requires users to provide two or more methods of authentication when logging in to an account or accessing a protected resource. This makes it more difficult for unauthorized users to gain access to sensitive information even if they have obtained one of the factors, such as a password.

Red team operators have long targeted various methods of obtaining user session tokens with a high degree of success. Once a user has completed MFA and is successfully authenticated, the application typically stores a se

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